Simple Past

FORM

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
• Last year, I traveled to Japan.
• Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• She washed her car.
• He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

• I lived in Brazil for two years.
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
• They sat at the beach all day.
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
• A: How long did you wait for them?
  B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

• I studied French when I was a child.
• He played the violin.
• He didn't play the piano.
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
• She worked at the movie theater after school.
• They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
• He didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

• When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
• She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

• I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You just called Debbie.
• Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Tom repaired the car. Active
• The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

› Read More

Interjection

Interjection

Interjection adalah ucapan pendek yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan emosi. Kata seru bahasa Inggris ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech. 

Penggunaan Interjection

Interjection yang lebih banyak digunakan pada speaking daripada writing (sangat jarang pada formal atau academic writing), bisa berdiri sendiri maupun masuk didalam kalimat. Jika berada didalam kalimat, interjection tidak atau hampir tidak memiliki hubungan gramatikal dengan kalimat tersebut.

Tanda Baca pada Interjection

Interjection biasanya diikuti oleh tanda koma atau seru. Namun kadang-kadang dapat diikuti oleh tanda tanya. Comma (koma) biasanya untuk mild interjection dimana kebanyakannya berupa parenthetical element yang dipisahkan oleh satu koma jika terletak pada awal kalimat atau satu set koma jika terletak di tengah kalimat, sedangkan exclamation mark (tanda seru) digunakan pada strong interjection untuk mengungkapkan seruan yang lebih kuat seperti terkejut, marah, kegembiraan, maupun perasaan mendalam lainnya. Kadangkala ekspresi terkejut dapat pula dengan menggunakan question mark (tanda tanya).

Contoh Interjections

Beberapa contoh interjection dalam kalimat adalah sebagai berikut.

Abjad	Contoh Interjection	Arti	Contoh Interjection dalam Kalimat
A	ah	ekspresi senang	“Ah, the weather is good.”
	aha	mengerti, keberhasilan	“Aha! Then you act as if you don’t know anything.”
	alas	ekspresi sedih atau kasihan	“Alas, he failed.”
	argh	ekspresi kesal, marah, frustasi	“Argh, I did many mistakes!”
	aw	menyesal atau kasihan pada orang lain	“Aw, you make her cry.”
B	bah	meremehkan, jengkel	“Bah, he makes me laugh!”
	boo	penolakan, penghinaan	“Boo, get away from here!”
D	dear	ekspresi terkejut atau kasihan	“oh dear, are you ok?”
E	eek	terkejut, takut	“eek, a cockroach on my foot!”
	eh	meminta pengulangan atau konfirmasi	“Eh? I didn’t hear you.”
	er	ekspresi ragu-ragu	“His name is…er…Deni.”
	ew, eww	jijik	“eww, your socks smell bad.”
G	grr	marah, menggeram	“grr, I’ll smack him!”
H	hello	ekspresi sambutan	“Hello. How are you?”
	hey	meminta perhatian	“Hey! He comes!”
		ekspresi terkejut	“Hey! It’s cool.”
	hi	ekspresi sambutan	“Hi! Come and join us.”
	hmm	ekspresi ragu-ragu atau ketidaksetujuan	“Hmm. I’ll answer you later.”
	huh	terkejut acuh tak acuh	“huh, you’re great.”
		konfirmasi	“You made her angry, huh?”
M	mm	ekspresi senang	“mmm, this cake is yummy.”
O	oh, o	ekspresi terkejut	“Oh! It was you.”
		ekspresi perkiraan	“Oh, around 21 milles.”
		ekspresi rasa sakit	“oh, I’m dizzy.”
	ooh	takjub	“Ooh, the most advanced car that I’ve ever seen.”
	ooh-la-la	olok-olok halus	“In red top to toe? Ooh-la-la!”
	oops	terkejut dengan kesalahan sendiri	“Oops, I stepped your shoes.”
	ouch	ekspresi rasa sakit	“Ouch! It hurts!”
	oy	meminta perhatian	“Oy! Look at me!”
P	pff	Tidak terkesan	“Pff, My little brother can do better than him.”
T	tsk-tsk, tut-tut	kecaman	“Tsk-tsk, he made me wait for two hours.”
U	uh	ekspresi ragu-ragu	“Uh. I’ve no clue.”
	uh-huh	ekspresi setuju	A: “Should we come to the meeting?” B: “uh-huh.”
	uh-oh	khawatir, cemas	“uh-oh, the debt collector will arrive soon.”
	um, umm	ekspresi ragu-ragu	“He lives on…um…Wolter Monginsidi Street.”
W	well	ekspresi terkejut	“Well you really do that!”
	whoa	bingung, heran, takjub	“Whoa, she made it byherself”
	wow	terkejut	“wow, It’s great idea.”

› Read More

Gerund

Pengertian Gerund

Gerund adalah suatu kata yang dibentuk dari verb (kata kerja) dengan ditambahkan suffix (akhiran) -ing dan berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Kata ini merupakan verbal, yaitu suatu kata yang dibentuk dari kata kerja, namun berfungsi sebagai part of speech lain. Verbal yang lain yaitu infinitive dan participle. Seperti verbal lainnya, kata ini lebih umum untuk menamai action (aksi) atau state of being (keadaan). Verbal ini dapat dipadukan dengan modifier dengan atau tanpa tambahan noun(s), pronoun(s), atau noun phrase membentuk gerund phrase. Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka harus ada verb lain dalam suatu kalimat.

Contoh Gerund:

Penggunaan dan Contoh Gerund

Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh kalimat gerund adalah sebagai berikut.

Penggunaan Gerund	Contoh Kalimat Gerund	Keterangan
Subject of a Sentence	Binging is a phase frequently done by a bulimic.	binging dan running merupakan subject of sentence
	Running may be hard for some people.
Direct Object	I hate waiting.	waiting merupakan direct object dari verb hate
	I hope they enjoy my writing.	writing merupakan direct object dari verb enjoy
Subject Complement	My bestfriend’s favorite activity is shopping.	shopping merupakan subject complement dari verb is
Object of a Preposition	They disscussed an article about telling the truth.	telling the truth dan removing some substatial data masing-masing merupakan object dari preposition about dan for
	The manager scolded the worker for removing some substantial data.
Appositive	His hobby, sailing, takes a lot of time.	sailing dan shopping merupakan appositives
	My bestfriend’s favorite activity, shopping, has made her spend much money.

Verb yang Diikuti Gerund

Verb yang diikuti oleh gerund dapat berupa verb tanpa tambahan agent atau dengan tambahan agent. Detail dan contohnya dalam kalimatnya adalah sebagai berikut.

Kondisi	Contoh Verb	Contoh Kalimat Gerund
Tanpa tambahan agent	acknowledge, admit, advise, anticipate, appreaciate, avoid, begin, celebrate, consider, continue, deny, discuss, dislike, endure, enjoy, finish, forget, give up, hate, help, practice, prefer, recommend, regret, remember, start, stop, teach, understand	I hate working with him.
		The student has finished studying.
Perlu tambahan agent	hear, watch, see	We heard him singing the song. (him= agent)
		I saw the man walking on the street. (the man= agent)

Beberapa expression juga dapat diikuti oleh verbal ini, yaitu: worth, rather than, dan instead of.

Expression	Contoh Kalimat
Worth	It is worth reading the book.
Rather than	I prefer to sleep rather than going to the party.
Instead of	Instead of paying the baggage fees, she will only carry a small backpack.

Kapan Harus Menghindari Gerund?

Verbal ini perlu dihindari* penggunaannya ketika ada noun relevan berdasarkan kata kerja yang sama.

Contoh:

• Your designs need some improving. —> Your designs need some improvement.
• The activating may take up to five minutes. —> The activation may take up to five minutes.

› Read More

Conditional Sentence

Pengertian Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence (kalimat majemuk) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali dengan subordinate conjunction if berupa condition (syarat) dan main clause berupa result/consequence (hasil).
Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0. Condition pada conditional sentence tipe 1 mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hampir tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak mungkin dipenuhi (unreal), sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact/kebenaran ilmiah.

Rumus Conditional Sentence

Rumus Umum

Secara umum, rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut.

if + condition, result/consequence

atau tanpa tanda baca koma:

result/consequence + if + condition

Rumus Conditional Sentence berbagai tipe

Type	Rumus Conditional Sentence
0	if + simple present, simple present
1	if + simple present, will + bare infinitive
2	if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive
3	if + past perfect, would/should/could/might have + past participle

Contoh Conditional Sentence

Berikut contoh conditional sentence pada berbagai tipe sesuai dengan rumus di atas.

Type	Contoh Conditional Sentence
0	If we burn paper, it becomes ash. (Jika kita membakar kertas, itu menjadi abu.)
1	If I meet him, I will introduce myself. (Jika saya bertemu dia, saya akan memperkenalkan diri.)
2	If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day. (Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari.)
3	If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.)

Negatif if + condition

Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless.

Contoh conditional sentence: if…not dan unless:

Dengan menggunakan rumus negatif if, contoh conditional sentence seperti di bawah ini.

• If the students do not understand, they will raise their hand to ask.
• Unless the students understand, they will raise their hand to ask.

› Read More

Reported Speech

Pengertian Reported Speech

Reported speech atau indirect speech adalah suatu cara mengungkapkan apa yang orang lain (speaker)  telah katakan secara langsung (direct/quoted speech) berupa pernyataan, pertanyaan, atau ucapan lainnya dengan mengubah format pembicaraan tersebut sehingga menjadi lebih jelas, alami, dan efisien bagi pendengarnya. Logikanya, seorang penyampai berita tidak melaporkan persis setiap kata yang diucapkan oleh seseorang.
Direct speech yang diubah menjadi reported speech tersebut dapat berupa statement (pernyataan), imperative [command (perintah), invitation (undangan), request (permintaan)], yes/no question (pertanyaan), maupun information question (pertanyaan akan informasi).

Contoh:

Reporting	Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech	Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
Statement	“I’m not hungry now.” (Saya tidak lapar sekarang.)	He said that he was not hungry at that time.
Imperative	“Do not touch my computer!” (Jangan sentuh komputerku!)	She told me not to touch her computer.
Yes-no question	“Did you eat my cake?” (Apakah kamu makan kueku?)	She wanted to know if I’d ate her cake.
Information question	“Who is the winner?” (Siapa pemenangnya?)	He asked me who the winner was.

Cara Mengubah Direct Menjadi Reported Speech

Pada dasarnya, direct speech diubah menjadi reported speech dengan menghilangkan tanda baca kutip, menghilangkan huruf kapital didalam kalimat,  menambahkan that (optional), mengubah pronoun (menjadi orang ketiga), memodifikasi verb, mengoreksi time reference (waktu yang disebutkan dalam pembicaraan) dan/atau menambahkan whether atau if (conditional). Berikut adalah beberapa penjelasannya .

Time References

Perbandingan time references pada direct dan reported speech adalah sebagai berikut.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
here	there
last month/year	the month/year before, the preceding month/year, the previous month/year
next month/year	a month/year later, the following month/year, the next month/year
now	at that time, then
today	that day
tomorrow	a day later, the following/next day
yesterday	the day before, the previous day
two days/weeks ago	two days/weeks before, two days/weeks earlier

Contoh perubahan time reference:

Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech	Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
“Will I receive the packet tomorrow?” (Akankah saya menerima paket tsb besok?)	He asked if he would receive the packet the following day.
“I have to return the book two days ago.” (Saya harus mengembalikan buku tsb dua hari lalu.)	She said that she had to return the book two days earlier.

Menambahkan whether atau if

Whether atau if ditambahkan untuk menyampaikan kalimat yes-no question yang telah didengar sebelumnya. Yes-no question merupakan bentuk pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban yes atau no.

 Contoh:

Contoh Direct Speech	Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech	Keterangan
“Do you have a little time?” (Apa kamu punya sedikit waktu?)	He asked me if I had a little time.	Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes, I do atau No, I don’t
“Have you heard the news?” (Sudahkah kamu mendengar berita tsb?)	She wanted to know whether I had heard the news.	Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes, I have atau No, I haven’t

› Read More

Passive Voice

Pengertian Passive Voice

Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject kalimat tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.  Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (diikuti direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.

Rumus Passive Voice

Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

Catatan:

• Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being), kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) atau antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).
• Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive.

Contoh: She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)

• Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular atau irregular.

Contoh: play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)

Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:

Komponen			Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice
Subject	be	PP
I	am	paid	I am paid in dollars. (Saya dibayar dalam dollar.)
the red velvet recipe	is	used	The red velvet recipe is used by many people. (Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.)
all of my shoes	are	washed	All of my shoes are washed every month. (Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.)
large amounts of meat and milk	are	consumed	Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries. (Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.)
the book	was	edited	The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks. (Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)
the books	were	edited	The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks. (Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.)

Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs

Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

Contoh:

• I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
• The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack.

› Read More

Conjunction

Pengertian Conjunction

Conjunction adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, phrase (frasa), clause (klausa), atau paragraph (paragraf). Kata ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

Macam dan Contoh Kalimat Conjunction

Adapun macam dan contoh kalimat conjunction antara lain sebagai berikut.

Macam Conjunction	Penjelasan Singkat	Contoh Conjunction	Contoh Kalimat Conjunction
Coordinate Conjunction	Kata hubung ini digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua konstruksi gramatikal yang sama yaitu: kata, phrase atau clause.	and, or, for	I love running and swimming. (Saya suka lari dan berenang.)
Correlative Conjunction	Kata hubung ini digunakan berpasangan untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara dua kata, phrase , atau clause.	as… as, both… and…, either… or…	Diana is as beautiful as her sister. (Diana secantik saudaranya.)
Subordinate Conjunction	Kata hubung ini digunakan untuk membangun hubungan ide antara dependent clause dengan main clause.	where, although, so that, otherwise	Nobody knows where she lives now. (Tak seorangpun tau dimana dia tinggal sekarang.)
Adverbial Conjunction / Conjunctive Adverb / Connecting Adverb	Kata hubung berfungsi pula sebagai adverb. Sebagai kata hubung, kata ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dengan logis dua independent clause, sedangkan sebagai adverb, untuk menerangkan clause kedua.	also, however, rather, thus	She’s not bad; rather, she’s very kind. (Dia tidak jahat; sebaliknya, dia sangat baik.)

› Read More